Linear matrix inequality

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In convex optimization, a linear matrix inequality (LMI) is an expression of the form

LaTeX: LMI(y):=A_0+y_1A_1+y_2A_2+\dots+y_m A_m\succeq0\,

where

  • LaTeX: y=[y_i\,,~i\!=\!1\dots m] is a real vector,
  • LaTeX: A_0\,, A_1\,, A_2\,,\dots\,A_m are symmetric matrices in the subspace of LaTeX: n\times n symmetric matrices LaTeX: \mathbb{S}^n,
  • LaTeX: B\succeq0 is a generalized inequality meaning LaTeX: B is a positive semidefinite matrix belonging to the positive semidefinite cone LaTeX: \mathbb{S}_+ in the subspace of symmetric matrices LaTeX: \mathbb{S}.

This linear matrix inequality specifies a convex constraint on y.

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LMI Geometry

Although matrix LaTeX: \,A\, is finite-dimensional, LaTeX: \mathcal{K} is generally not a polyhedral cone (unless LaTeX: \,m\, equals 1 or 2) simply because LaTeX: \,X\!\in\mathbb{S}_+^n\,.

Provided the LaTeX: A_j matrices are linearly independent, then relative interior = interior

LaTeX: \textrm{rel\,int}\mathcal{K}=\textrm{int}\mathcal{K}

meaning, the cone interior is nonempty; implying, the dual cone is pointed (Dattorro, ch.2).

If matrix LaTeX: \,A\, has no nullspace, on the other hand, then LaTeX: \,A\,\textrm{svec}X\, is an isomorphism in LaTeX: \,X\, between the positive semidefinite cone LaTeX: \mathbb{S}_+^n and range LaTeX: \,\mathcal{R}(A)\, of matrix LaTeX: \,A.

In that case, convex cone LaTeX: \,\mathcal{K}\, has relative interior

LaTeX: \textrm{rel\,int}\mathcal{K}=\{A\,\textrm{svec}X~|~X\!\succ_{\!}0_{}\}

and boundary

LaTeX: \textrm{rel}\,\partial^{}\mathcal{K}=\{A\,\textrm{svec}X~|~X\!\succeq_{\!}0\,,~X\!\nsucc_{\!}0_{}\}


When the LaTeX: A_j matrices are linearly independent, function LaTeX: \,g(y)_{\!}:=_{_{}\!}\sum y_jA_j\, on LaTeX: \mathbb{R}^m is a linear bijection.

Inverse image of the positive semidefinite cone under LaTeX: \,g(y)\, must therefore have dimension LaTeX: _{}m .

In that circumstance, the dual cone interior is nonempty

LaTeX: \textrm{int}\mathcal{K}^*=\{y\!\in_{}\!\mathbb{R}^m~|\,\sum\limits_{j=1}^my_jA_j\succ_{}0_{}\}

having boundary

LaTeX: \partial^{}\mathcal{K}^*=\{y\!\in_{}\!\mathbb{R}^m~|\,\sum\limits_{j=1}^my_jA_j\succeq_{}0\,,~\sum\limits_{j=1}^my_jA_j\nsucc_{}0_{}\}

Applications

There are efficient numerical methods to determine whether an LMI is feasible (i.e., whether there exists a vector LaTeX: y such that LaTeX: LMI(y)\succeq0 ), or to solve a convex optimization problem with LMI constraints. Many optimization problems in control theory, system identification, and signal processing can be formulated using LMIs. The prototypical primal and dual semidefinite program is a minimization of a real linear function respectively subject to the primal and dual convex cones governing this LMI.

External links

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